In this article, I will talk about the read-only reentrancy vulnerability in the Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM), a nuanced type of security flaw that can affect smart contracts. Unlike classic reentrancy attacks that modify the state of a contract, read-only reentrancy doesn’t change the state but manipulates reads and computations…

As exciting as it is, the cryptocurrency market can sometimes feel like a rollercoaster ride. One moment you’re up, and the next, you’re down. As a crypto enthusiast, you might be familiar with this volatile landscape, but wouldn’t it be great to have a way to stabilize your investments? …

When it comes to blockchain scaling solutions, rollups have become a popular option. They effectively increase the throughput of a blockchain by processing transactions off-chain and submitting only the final state to the main chain. However, as with any technology, they’re not without their potential issues. One such issue is…

Recently I had a project regarding the security and the performance of WASM compilers for a blockchain ecosystem. I realized there are two major WASM interpreters/JITs, especially popular among the blockchain networks, i.e., WASMER and WASMTIME. wasmer — Interpreter/JIT made at wasmer.io. Based on Cranelift but has other compiler…

What is panic ? Sometimes, unexpected things occur in your code; for these scenarios, Rust has the Panic! macro. This Macro in Rust signals that the code is in a state it cannot handle and must tell the process to stop instead of trying to proceed with invalid or incorrect values. There are two…

What is DAG? A Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) is a particular data structure class connecting various information elements. We can imagine as DAG protocol as a sequence of nodes and edges connecting them. The edges are unidirectional, implying that info cannot move in opposite directions. Any information in the DAG cannot move back…

Plasma is a layer-2 scaling solution that was initially proposed by Vitalik Buterin and Joseph Poon in 2017. The whole concept has been described in its white paper “Scalable Autonomous Smart Contracts”. Plasma, in a nutshell, claimed to be a framework for building scalable applications. …

In Ethereum 2, the network will be upgraded to a proof-of-stake blockchain and present shard chains and a beacon chain. This advancement will lower energy consumption and improve the possible velocity and number of transactions. Nevertheless, it has also raised considerable concerns regarding the future of the Ethereum network. With…

What is the challenge? Ethereum blocks are restricted to the amount of data they can maintain. For instance, image a block can only do 10 transactions. For example, if 10,000 people want to do a transaction simultaneously, Ethereum will pick 10 of the highest bidding fees first. Because gas fees are based on the…